History and Theories of Psychopathology
NRNP6635 Week 1: History and Theories of Psychopathology The history of the diagnosis of mental disorders is fraught with examples of how cultural norms and prejudices interfere with and warp a diagnosis. The result is that normal behavior and orientations have been pathologized as an illness or disease.
An example of this would be the story of Alan Turing, the famous British computer scientist of the 20th century, who was instrumental in inventing modern computers and deciphering German code in World War II. He was convicted in 1952 in England of gross indecency for being gay.
Turing was forced by the courts to undergo 12 months of hormone therapy and could no longer work for the British government. At the time, homosexuality was pathologized as a mental disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and was criminalized in most Western countries.
It was not until 1973 that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) finally removed homosexuality from the DSM. Historically, the process of rendering a diagnosis has been used to pathologize those who fell outside what was considered the cultural norm of human behavior.
This process often marginalized diagnosed populations and prevented individuals from receiving appropriate care. It is of utmost importance to consider cultural issues that influence how you as a clinician interpret a client’s behavior and how cultural issues influence how a client may express behavior. This week, you explore the history of psychopathology and the evolution of theoretical perspectives in the field.
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Learning Objective
Students will:
- • Analyze historical and currently recognized biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that inform the expression, course, and prevalence of psychopathology Learning Resources Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)
Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
• Chapter 1, Neural Sciences
• Chapter 2, Contributions of the Psychosocial Sciences
• Chapter 3, Contributions of the Sociocultural Sciences
• Chapter 4, Theories of Personality and Psychopathology
• Chapter 31.17c, Child Psychiatry: Other Conditions: Identity Problem
Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2. (pp. 3–14). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-001
Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 127–147). American Psychological Association.
https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006
Jackson, C. E., & Milberg, W. P. (2018). Examination of neurological and neuropsychological features in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 65–90). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-004
Masten, A. S., & Kalstabakken, A. W. (2018).
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In many realms of medicine, objective diagnoses can be made: A clavicula is broken. Infection is present. TSH levels meet the diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism. Psychiatry, on the other hand, deals with psychological phenomena and behaviors.
Can these, too, be “defined objectively and by scientific criteria (Gergen, 1985), or are they social constructions?” (Sadock et al., 2015). Thanks to myriad advances during recent decades, we know that psychopathology is caused by many interacting factors. Theoretical and clinical contributions to the field have come from the neural sciences, genetics, psychology, and social-cultural sciences.
How do these factors impact the expression, classification, diagnosis, and prevalence of psychopathology, and why might it be important for a nurse practitioner to take a multidimensional, integrative approach?
To Prepare:
- • Review this week’s Learning Resources, considering the many interacting factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology.
- • Consider how theoretical perspective on psychopathology impacts the work of the PMHNP. By Day 3 of Week 1 Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology.
Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses
By Day 6 of Week 1
Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days by explaining the implications of why, as an advanced practice nurse, it is important to adopt a multidimensional, integrative model of psychopathology.
Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link, and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post.
Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!
NRNP 6635. I look forward to getting to know each of you during this term. To get started I strongly encourage you all to review the syllabus and resources found on the left hand navigation panel Under the “Getting Started” heading.
Tips you may find helpful as you complete your course assignments.
Please be sure to read the directions carefully. Furthermore, understand that the rubric attached to each assignment will be used to determine your grade. Therefore, if the rubric assigns a percentage of points for references then you need to be sure you provide references. I advise you all to complete the assignment early, wait 24 hours and go back review your assignment with the rubric as a guide to ensure you are covering all the requirements.
Using bold level 1 headings that draw attention to each required prompt from your assignment directions will help you to ensure you are addressing each prompt. Walden requires that papers have a title page, introduction and conclusion.
To review:
o Please be sure you read the directions and rubric for each assignment carefully.
o Include a title page, introduction that ends with a purpose statement, and conclusion for all submissions.
o Assignment require the use of APA; you must support your work with current (published in last 5 years) evidence.
o Avoid using consumer driven website, you should focus on scholarly peer reviewed journals.
o I suggest you complete your assignments early so that you will be able to submit a draft to safeAssign prior to submitting your assignment. Review the safe assign report prior to submitting understand that if you match to another source you risk a referral to the academic integrity committee. You may want to consider using a plagiarism service such as Grammarly.com to help you avoid plagiarism (This is NOT required just a suggestion).
o Read your work aloud prior to submitting it will help you find errors.
o Use level 1 headings for each of the assignment prompts. (See page 48-49 of APA manual 7th ed)
o Review the APA Style Overview https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/apa o Review the SON Writing Template found at this link: SON_Writing_Template_with_Instructions _3_ _3_.doc
o Check your Walden email 3-4 times weekly at a minimum.
o When emailing an instructor please include the course and section number this one is NRNP 6635C-3
o Check Blackboard for announcements at least every 48 hours. There may not be an announcement every 48 hours, but important information will be posted there.
Hello All, This week you will submit your 1st discussion. The learning objective is to Analyze historical and currently recognized biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that inform the expression, course, and prevalence of psychopathology.
You will need to carefully review this weeks learning resources. Please note for future use: the study guide for your midterm is in week 1 resources. Review the directions in your assignment and given below. Be sure to pay attention to the directions for responding to your peers.
Note that you are required to do more than merely add to your peers previous discussion. Reviewing the rubric prior to submission will be vital to you getting the best grade possible. Note the requirement for current credible sources. This means peer reviewed articles (not websites) published in the last 5 years.
By Day 3 of Week 1 Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology. Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses Hello All, This week you will submit your 1st discussion.
The learning objective is to Analyze historical and currently recognized biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that inform the expression, course, and prevalence of psychopathology. You will need to carefully review this weeks learning resources. Please note for future use: the study guide for your midterm is in week 1 resources. Review the directions in your assignment and given below.
Be sure to pay attention to the directions for responding to your peers. Note that you are required to do more than merely add to your peers previous discussion.
Reviewing the rubric prior to submission will be vital to you getting the best grade possible. Note the requirement for current credible sources. This means peer reviewed articles (not websites) published in the last 5 years. By Day 3 of Week 1
Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology. Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses By Day 6 of Week 1 Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days by explaining the implications of why, as an advanced practice nurse, it is important to adopt a multidimensional, integrative model of psychopathology.
Other useful tips for Discussions:
1. 0. Have your name in the top left corner and include Main post or Peer response #1 or #2
- 1. Include a brief introduction and purpose statement.
- 2. Use level one headings for each assignment prompt . For example in this weeks assignment you would have a heading for Biological, Psychological, then Social, Cultural and Interpersonal.
- 3. End the main post with brief summary.
- 4. Support you work with peer reviewed journals published within the last 5 years. You may use your textbooks and original authors research but these do not count toward the required number of peer reviewed journal. DO NOT use websites. Websites do not represent scholarly work and many of these are consumer/patient driven.
- 5. Do not use direct quotes. Synthesis is required, when you use direct quotes you demonstrate the knowledge of the original authors not your own.
- 6. Be certain you read to the directions for how to response to your peers.
